Titre du document / Document title

Analeptic use in clinical toxicology : A historical appraisal

Auteur(s) / Author(s)

WAX P. M. ⁽¹⁾ ;

Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)

⁽¹⁾ University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, ETATS-UNIS

Résumé / Abstract

Background: The introduction and increasing popularity of the barbiturates during the first two decades of the 20th century was associated with a new life threatening toxicological problem: the barbiturate overdose. Methods: This paper reviews the four major phases of analeptic use. As interest in the principles of physiologic antagonism between stimulants and depressants grew, analeptic agents were increasingly used to treat the obtundation and respiratory depression of barbiturate overdose. At first, naturally occurring stimulants such as camphor, strychnine, picrotoxin, and caffeine were used in desperate attempts to awaken patients. During the 1930s, and continuing at some centers into the 1960s, an increasing number of synthetic analeptics agents such as nikethamide, pentylenetetrazol, bemegride, amphetamine, and methylphenidate were enthusiastically recommended as barbiturate antidotes, often at very high doses. Unfortunately, utilizing generous amounts of multiple convulsants was not without its share of complications. Using this analeptic strategy the mortality rate after moderate to severe barbiturate overdose remained as high as 45%. Beginning in the mid-1940s a group of Scandinavian physicians pioneered a revolutionary approach to sedative-hypnotic overdose that rejected the use of analeptics and relied on respiratory ventilation and supportive care. Conclusions: Although barbiturate overdose mortality decreased to less than 1% using this strategy, it would take another 20 years before this technique was universally adapted. While analeptic therapies for the treatment of drug overdose have now been abandoned, one of these analeptics, methylphenidate, currently enjoys wide use in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Revue / Journal Title

Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology   ISSN 0731-3810 

Source / Source

1997, vol. 35, n^o2, pp. 203-209 (35 ref.)

Langue / Language

Anglais

Editeur / Publisher

Dekker, Monticello, NY, ETATS-UNIS  (1982-2004) (Revue)

Mots-clés anglais / English Keywords

Drug intoxication ; Case history ; Human ; Barbiturates ; Treatment ; Chemotherapy ; Analeptic ; Methylphenidate ;

Mots-clés français / French Keywords

Intoxication médicamenteuse ; Historique ; Homme ; Barbituriques ; Traitement ; Chimiothérapie ; Analeptique ; Méthylphénidate ;

Mots-clés espagnols / Spanish Keywords

Intoxicación medicamentosa ; Histórica ; Hombre ; Barbitúricos ; Tratamiento ; Quimioterapia ; Analéptico ; Metilfenidato ;

Localisation / Location

INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 14107 A, 35400006459656.0100